![]() In the CBI, the core of burnout is physical and psychological exhaustion. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI Kristensen et al., 2005) assesses personal burnout (6 items), work-related burnout (7 items), and client-related burnout (6 items). The 14 item Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure (SMBM Shirom, 1989) conceptualizes burnout as the depletion of energetic resources, distinguishing between physical fatigue, emotional exhaustion, and cognitive weariness. Other burnout measures focus on exhaustion alone: The ProQOL is freely available here, as long as the author is credited, no changes are made, and it is not sold. The ProQOL has sub-scales for burnout, compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue/secondary traumatic stress. The Professional Quality of Life Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue Version 5, 30 items (ProQOL Figley and Stamm, 1996 Stamm, 2010) scale assesses both positive and negative aspects of professional care it is one of the most commonly used scales for frontline providers who work with stress- and trauma-exposed populations (Stamm, 2010). The OLBI-S English, German and Greek versions can be found in the paper by Reis and colleagues (2015). The OLBI has been adapted to capture academic burnout (OLBI-S). The English version of the original OLBI can be found here: (Demerouti et al., 2010). The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, 16 items (OLBI Halbesleben and Demerouti, 2005) assesses (physical, affective, and cognitive) exhaustion and disengagement in both work and academic contexts, whereas personal accomplishment is excluded. The 9-item BBI can be found in the paper by Salmelo-Aro and colleagues (2011). The Bergen Burnout Inventory, 9 items (BBI Feldt et al., 2014) measures burnout in the work context (in all occupations), assessing (1) exhaustion at work (emotional component), (2) cynicism toward the meaning of work (cognitive component), and (3) the sense of inadequacy at work (behavioral component). The MBI is copyrighted, and permission to reproduce it or translate it must be obtained from the publisher, Mind Garden.Īdditional multidimensional non-proprietary burnout measures exist, differing in occupational focus and measured dimensions of burnout (reviewed in Maslach and Leiter, 2016): The MBI has been translated into many languages and has been validated widely, including health care providers (Poghosyan et al., 2009 Rafferty et al., 1986). Several MBI versions exist for different study populations - the MBI-General Survey (which can be used for any population), the MBI-Human Services Survey, the MBI-Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel, MBI-Educators Survey, and MBI-General Survey for Students. The MBI assesses the three dimensions of the burnout experience - exhaustion, cynicism/detachment, and professional inefficacy - and contains either 22 items or 16 (for the General Surveys). The original research measure of burnout and the one most commonly used is the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI Maslach et al., 2017). The measure of choice for new studies likely depends on the population of interest, the size of the population (shorter measures are only valid for very large samples), study hypotheses, financial limitations (e.g., licensing fees for propriety measures), study design considerations (e.g., repeated measures), and participants` time constraints. No clinical research has been done to establish a "cut-off score" (or "diagnosis") for dysfunctional levels of burnout. Several research measures of burnout exist, and they vary in terms of what dimensions are assessed (all three or only exhaustion), and the number and response format of scale items. Burnout is related to an increased risk for mental health problems (Leiter and Maslach, 2000) and physical health outcomes, including risk of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular-related events (Melamed et al., 2006) as well as biological markers of neuroendocrine, immune, metabolic, and cardiovascular health (Juster et al., 2011). But now burnout has been reported as a problem in many other occupations.
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